[nukkad] Vegetarianism: A Means to a Higher End

[Sandeep Budhrani <sandeep.budhrani@usa.net>]

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Subject:     What's common in Einstein, Gandhi, Tolstoy, Socrates, Plato,
                     Akbar, Tagore, Newton
                    
Vegetarianism: A Means to a Higher End
                    
Why to become a vegeterian?
It's been found after a lot of scientific research that vegeterian food is
superior in all respects: Be it health, nutrition or economy.
Would you like to be in the company of Pythagoras,  Socrates, Plato, Clement
of Alexandria, Plutarch, King Asoka, Leonardo da Vinci, Montaigne,Akbar, John
Milton, Sir Isaac Newton, Emanuel Swedenbourg, Voltaire,Benjamin Franklin,
Jean Jacques Rousear, Lamartine, Percy Bysshe Shelley,Ralph Waldo Emerson,
Henry David Thoreau, Leo Tolstoy, George Bernard Shaw,Rabindranath Tagore,
Mahatma Gandhi, Albert Schweitzer, and Albert Einstein?
                    
Read further for exciting facts not known to us ...
                    
Introduction
Health and Nutrition
Economics
Ethics
Religion
Karma
Beyond Vegetarianism
                    
                    
The word vegetarian, coined by the founders of the British Vegetarian
Society in 842, comes from the Latin word vegetus, meaning "whole, sound,
fresh, or
lively," as in homo vegetus-a mentally and physically vigorous person. The
original meaning of the word implies a balanced philosophical and moral sense
of life, a lot more than just a diet of vegetables and fruits.

Most vegetarians are people who have understood that to contribute towards a
more peaceful society we must first solve the problem of violence in our own
hearts. So it's not surprising that thousands of people from all walks of life
have, in their search for truth, become vegetarian. Vegetarianism is an
essential step towards a better society, and people who take the time to
consider its advantages, will be in the company of such thinkers as
Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato, Clement of Alexandria, Plutarch, King Asoka,
Leonardo da Vinci, Montaigne, Akbar, John Milton, Sir Isaac Newton, Emanuel
Swedenbourg, Voltaire, Benjamin Franklin, Jean Jacques Rousear, Lamartine,
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Leo Tolstoy,
George Bernard Shaw, Rabindranath Tagore, Mahatma Gandhi, Albert Schweitzer,
and Albert
Einstein.
                     
Let's examine some of the advantages of becoming vegetarian.
                    
                    
                    
Health and Nutrition
                    
Can a vegetarian diet improve or restore health? Can it prevent certain
diseases?
Advocates of vegetarianism have said yes for many years, although they didn't
have much support from modern science until recently. Now, medical 
researchers have discovered evidence of a link between meat-eating and such
killers as heart disease and cancer, so they're giving vegetarianism another
look.
Since the 1960s, scientists have suspected that a meat-based diet is somehow
related to the development of arteriosclerosis and heart disease. As early as
1961, the Journal of the American Medical Association said: "Ninety to
ninety-seven percent of heart disease can be prevented by a vegetarian diet."

Since that time, several well-organized studies have scientifically shown
that after tobacco and alcohol, the consumption of meat is the greatest single
cause
of mortality in Western Europe, the United States, Australia, and other
affluent areas of the world.
The human body is unable to deal with excessive amounts of animal fat and
cholesterol. A poll of 214 scientists doing research on arteriosclerosis in 23
countries showed almost total agreement that there is a link between diet,
serum cholesterol levels, and heart disease. When a person eats more
cholesterol than the body needs (as he usually does with a meat-centered
diet), the excess cholesterol gradually becomes a problem. It accumulates on
the inner walls of the arteries, constricts the flow of blood to the heart,
and can lead to high blood pressure, heart disease, and strokes.
On the other hand, scientists at the University of Milan and Maggiore Hospital
have shown that vegetable protein may act to keep cholesterol levels low. In a
report to the British medical journal The Lancet, D.C.R. Sirtori concluded
that people with the type of high cholesterol associated with heart disease
"may benefit from a diet in which protein comes only from vegetables."

What about cancer? Research over the past twenty years strongly suggests a
link between meat-eating and cancer of the colon, rectum, breast, and uterus.
These types of cancer are rare among those who eat little or no meat, such as
Seventh-Day Adventists, Japanese, and Indians, but they are prevalent among
meat-eating populations."

Another article in The Lancet reported, "People living in the areas with a
high recorded incidence of carcinoma of the colon tend to live on diets
containing large amounts of fat and animal protein; whereas those who live in
areas with a low incidence live on largely vegetarian diets with little fat or
animal matter."

Rollo Russell, in his Notes on the Causation of Cancer, says, "I have found of
twenty-five nations eating flesh largely, nineteen had a high cancer rate and
only one had a low rate, and that of thirty-five nations eating little or no
flesh, none had a high rate."
Why do meat-eaters seem more prone to these diseases? One reason given by
biologists and nutritionists is that man's intestinal tract is simply not
suited for digesting meat. Flesh-eating animals have short intestinal tracts 
(three times the length of the animal's body), to pass rapidly decaying
toxin-producing  meat out of the body quickly. Since plant foods decay more
slowly than meat, plant-eaters have intestines at least six times the length
of the body. Man has the long intestinal tract of a herbivore, so if he eats
meat, toxins can overload he kidneys and lead to gout, arthritis, rheumatism
and even cancer.
And then there are the chemicals added to meat. As soon as an animal is
slaughtered, its flesh begins to putrefy, and after several days it turns a
sickly gray-green. The meat industry masks this discoloration by adding
nitrites, nitrates, and other preservatives to give the meat a bright red
color.  But research has now shown many of these preservatives to be
carcinogenic. And what makes the problem worse is the massive amounts of
chemicals fed to livestock. Gary and Steven Null, in their book, Poisons in
your Body, show us something that ought to make anyone think twice before
buying another steak or ham. "The animals are kept alive and fattened by
continuous administration of tranquilizers, hormones, antibiotics, and 2,700
other drugs. The process
starts even before birth and continues long after death. Although these drugs
will still be present in the meat when you eat it, the law does not require
that they be listed on the package."
Because of findings like this, the American National Academy of Sciences
reported in 1983 that "people may be able to prevent many common types of
cancer by eating less fatty meats and more vegetables and grains."
But wait a minute! Weren't human beings designed to be meat-eaters? Don't we
need animal protein? The answer to both these questions is no. Although some
historians and anthropologists say that man is historically omnivorous, our
anatomical equipment - teeth, jaws, and digestive system-favors a fleshless
diet. The American Dietetic Association notes that "most of mankind for most
of human history has lived on vegetarian or near-vegetarian diets." And much
of the world still lives that way. Even in most industrialized countries, the
love affair with meat is less than a hundred years old. It
started with the refrigerator car and the twentieth-century consumer society.
But even in the twentieth century, man's body hasn't adapted to eating meat.
The prominent Swedish scientist Karl von Linne states, "Man's structure,
external and internal, compared with that of the other animals, shows that
fruit and succulent vegetables constitute his natural food." This chart (under
construction) compares the anatomy of man with that of carnivorous and
herbivorous animals. As for the protein question, Dr. Paavo Airo, a leading
authority on nutrition and natural biology, has this to say: "The official
daily recommendation for protein has gone down from the 150 grams recommended
twenty years ago to only 45 grams today. Why? Because reliable worldwide
research has shown that we do not need so much protein, that the actual daily
need is only 35 to 45 grams. Protein consumed in excess of the actual daily
need is not only wasted, but actually
causes serious harm to the body and is even causatively related to such killer
diseases as cancer and heart disease. In order to obtain 45 grams of protein a
day from your diet you do not have to eat meat; you can get it from a 100
percent vegetarian diet of a variety of grains, lentils, nuts, vegetables, and
fruits."
Dairy products, grains, beans, and nuts are all concentrated sources of
protein. Cheese, peanuts, and lentils, for instance, contain more protein per
ounce than hamburger, pork, or porterhouse steak.
Still, nutritionists thought until recently that only meat, fish, eggs, and
milk product had complete proteins (containing the eight amino acids not
produced in the body), and that all vegetable proteins were incomplete
(lacking one or more of these amino acids). But research at the Karolinska
Institute in Sweden and the Max Plank Institute in Germany has shown that most
vegetables, fruits, seeds, nuts, and grains are excellent sources of complete
proteins. In fact, their proteins are easier to assimilate than those of
meat-and they don't bring with them any toxins. It's nearly impossible to lack
protein if you eat enough natural unrefined food. Remember, the vegetable
kingdom is the real source of all protein. Vegetarians simply eat it "direct"
instead of getting it second-hand from the vegetarian animals.
Too much protein intake even reduces the body's energy. In a series of
comparative endurance tests conducted by Dr. Irving Fisher of Yale University,
vegetarians performed twice as well as meat-eaters. When Dr. Fisher knocked
down the non-vegetarians protein consumption by twenty percent, their
efficiency went up by thirty-three percent. Numerous other studies have shown
that a proper vegetarian diet provides more nutritional energy than meat. A
study by Dr. J. Iotekyo and V. Kipani at Brussels University showed that
vegetarians were able to perform physical tests two to three times longer than
meat-eaters before tiring out-and the vegetarians fully recovered from fatigue
three times more quickly than the meat-eaters.
                    
                    
                    
Economics
                     
Meat feeds few at the expense of many. For the sake of producing meat, grain
that could feed people feeds livestock instead. According to information
compiled by the United States Department of Agriculture, over ninety percent
of all the grain produced in America goes to feed livestock-cows, pigs, sheep,
and chickens-that wind up on dinner tables. Yet the process of using grain to
produce meat is incredibly wasteful. Figures from the U.S. Department of
Agriculture show that for every sixteen pounds of grain fed to cattle, we get
back only one pound of meat. In Diet for a Small Planet, Frances Moore Lappe
asks us to imagine ourselves sitting down to an eight-ounce steak. "Then
imagine the room filled with 45 to 50 people with empty bowls in from of them.
For the 'feed cost' of your steak, each of their bowls could be filled with a
full cup of cooked cereal grains."
Affluent nations do not only waste their own grains to feed livestock, they
also use protein-rich plant foods from poor nations. Dr. Georg Borgstrom, an
authority on the geography of food, estimates that one-third of Africa's
peanut crop (and peanuts give the same amount of protein as meat) ends up in
the stomachs of cattle and poultry in Western Europe.
In underdeveloped countries, a person consumes an average of four hundred
pounds of grain a year, most of it by eating it directly. In contrast, says
world food authority Lester Brown, the average European or American goes
through two thousand pounds a year, by first feeding almost ninety percent of
it to animals for meat. The average European or American meat-eater, Brown
says, uses five times the food resources of the average Colombian, Indian, or
Nigerian.
Facts such as these have led food experts to point out that the world hunger
problem is artificial. Even now, we are already producing more than enough
food for everyone on the planet-but we are allocating it wastefully. Harvard
nutritionist Jean Mayer estimates that bringing down meat production by only
ten percent would release enough grain to feed sixty million people.

Another price we pay for meat-eating is degradation of the environment.The
heavily contaminated runoff and sewage form slaughterhouses and feedlots are
major sources of pollution of rivers and streams. It is fast becoming apparent
that the fresh water resources of this planet are not only becoming
contaminated but also depleted, and the meat industry is particularly
wasteful. Georg Borgstrom says the production of livestock created ten times
more pollution than residential areas, and three times more than industry.
                     
In their book Population Resources, and Environment, Paul and Anne Ehrlich
show that to grow one pound of wheat requires only sixty pounds of water,
whereas production of one pound of meat requires anywhere from 2,500 to 6,000
pounds of water. And in 1973 the New York Post uncovered a shocking misuse of
this most valuable resource-one large chicken-slaughtering plant in the United
States was using one hundred mission gallons of water daily, and amount that
could supply a city of twenty-five thousand people.

But now let's turn from the world geopolitical situation, and get right down
to our own pocketbooks. A spot check of supermarkets in New York in January
1986 showed that sirloin steak cost around four dollars a pound, while
ingredients for a delicious, substantial vegetarian meal average less than two
dollars a pound. An eight ounce container of cottage cheese costing sixty
cents provides sixty percent of the minimum daily requirement of protein.
Becoming a vegetarian could potentially save you at least several thousand
dollars a year, tens of thousands of dollars over the course of a lifetime.
The savings to America's consumers would amount to billions of dollars
annually. And the same principle applies to consumers all over the world.
Considering all this, it's hard to see how anyone could afford not to become a
vegetarian.
                    
                    
                    
Ethics
                     
Many people consider the ethical reasons the most important of all for
becoming vegetarian. The beginning of ethical vegetarianism is the knowledge
that other creatures have feelings, and that their feelings are similar to
ours. This knowledge encourages one to extend personal awareness to encompass
the suffering of others.
In an essay titled "The Ethics of Vegetarianism," from the journal of the
North American Vegetarian Society, the conception of "humane animal slaughter"
is refuted. "Many people nowadays have been lulled into a sense of complacency
by the thought that animals are now slaughtered 'humanely', thus presumably
removing any possible humanitarian objection to the eating of meat.
Unfortunately, nothing could be further from the actual facts of life...and
death. The entire life of a captive 'food animal' is an unnatural one of
artificial breeding, vicious castration and/or hormone stimulation, feeding of
an abnormal diet for fattening purposes, and eventually long rides in intense
discomfort to the ultimate end. The holding pens, the electric prods and tail
twisting, the abject terror and fright, all these are still very much a part
of the most 'modern' animal raising, shipping, and slaughtering. To accept all
this and only oppose the callous brutality of the last few seconds of the
animal's life, is to distort the word 'humane'." The truth of animal slaughter
is not at all pleasant-commercial slaughterhouses are like visions of hell.
Screaming animals are stunned by hammer blows, electric shock, or concussion
guns. They are hoisted into the air by their feet and moved through the
factories of death on mechanized conveyor systems. Still alive, their throats
are sliced and their flesh is cut off while they bleed to death. Why isn't the
mutilation and slaughter of farm animals governed by the same stipulations
intended for the welfare of pets and even the laboratory rat? Many people
would no doubt take up vegetarianism if they visited a slaughterhouse, or if
they themselves had to kill the animals they ate. Such visits should be
compulsory for all meat eater..

Pythagoras, famous for his contributions to geometry and mathematics, said,
"Oh, my fellow men, do not defile your bodies with sinful foods. We have corn,
we have apples bending down the branches with their weight, and grapes
swelling on the vines. There are sweet-flavored herbs, and vegetables which
can be cooked and softened over the fire, nor are you denied mild or
thyme-scented honey. The earth affords a lavish supply of riches of innocent
foods, and offers you banquets that involve no bloodshed or slaughter, only
beasts satisfy their hunger with flesh, and not even all of those, because
horses, cattle, and sheep live on grass."

In an essay titled On Eating Flesh, the Roman author Plutarch wrote: "Can you
really ask what reason Pythagoras had for abstinence from flesh? For my part I
rather wonder both by what accident and in what state of mind the first man
touched his mouth to gore and brought his lips to the flesh of a dead
creature, set forth tables of dead, stale bodies, and ventured to call food
and nourishment the pets that had a little before bellowed and cried, moved
and lived... It is certainly not lions or wolves that we eat out of
self-defense; on the contrary, we ignore these and slaughter harmless, tame
creatures without stings or teeth to harm us. For the sake of a little flesh
we deprive them of sun, of light, of the duration of life they are entitled to
by birth and being."
                    
Plutarch then delivered this challenge to flesh-eaters: "If you declare that
you are naturally designed for such a diet, then first kill for yourself what
you want to eat. Do it, however only through your own resources, unaided by
cleaver or cudgel or any kind of ax." The poet Shelly was a committed
vegetarian. In his essay A Vindication of
Natural Diet, he wrote, "Let the advocate of animal food force himself to a
decisive experiment on its fitness, and as Plutarch recommends, tear a living
lamb with his teeth and plunging his head into its vitals, slake his thirst
with the steaming blood...then, and then only, would he be consistent."
Leo Tolstoy wrote that by killing animals for food, "Man suppresses in
himself, unnecessarily, the highest spiritual capacity-that of sympathy and
pity toward living creatures like himself-and by violating his own feelings
becomes cruel." He also warned, "While our bodies are the living graves of
murdered animals, how can we expect any ideal conditions on earth?"
When we lose respect for animal life, we lose respect for human life as well.
Twenty-six hundred years ago, Pythagoras said, "Those that kill animals to eat
their flesh tend to massacre their own." We're fearful of enemy guns, bombs,
and missiles, but can we close our eyes to the pain and fear we ourselves
bring about by slaughtering, for human consumption, over 1.6 billion domestic
mammals and 22.5 billion poultry a year. The number of fish killed each year
is in the trillions. And what to speak of the tens of millions of animals
killed each year in the "torture-camps" of medical research laboratories, or
slaughtered for their fur, hide, or skin, or hunted for "sport". Can we deny
that this brutality makes us more brutal too? Leonardo da Vinci wrote, "Truly
man is the king of beasts, for his brutality exceeds theirs. We live by the
death of others. We are burial places!" He added, "The time will come when men
will look upon the murder of animals as they now look upon the murder of
men."

Mahatma Gandhi felt that ethical principles are a stronger support for
lifelong commitment to a vegetarian diet than reasons of health. "I do feel,"
he stated, "that spiritual progress does demand at some stage that we should
cease to kill our fellow creatures for the satisfaction of our bodily wants."
He also said, "The greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judged
by the way its animals are treated."
                    
                    
                    
Religion
                     
All major religious scriptures enjoin man to live without killing
unnecessarily. The Old Testament instructs, "Thou shalt not kill." (Exodus
20:13) This is traditionally misinterpreted as referring only to murder. But
the original Hebrew is lo tirtzach, which clearly translates "Thou shalt not
kill." Dr. Reuben Alcalay's Complete Hebrew/English Dictionary says that the
word tirtzach, especially in classical Hebrew usage, refers to "any kind of
killing," and not necessarily the murder of a human being.
Although the Old Testament contains some prescriptions for meat-eating, it is
clear that the ideal situation is vegetarianism, In Genesis (1:29) we find God
Himself proclaiming, "Behold, I have given you every herb-bearing tree, in
which the fruit of the tree yielding seed, it unto you shall be for meat." And
in later books of the Bible, major prophets condemn meat-eating.

For many Christians, major stumbling blocks are the belief that Christ ate
meat and the many references to meat in the New Testament. But close study of
the original Greek manuscripts shows that the vast majority of the words
translated as "meat" and "trophe, brome," and other words that simply mean
"food" or "eating" in the broadest sense. For example, in the Gospel of St.
Luke  (8:55) we read that Jesus raised a woman from the dead and "commanded to
give her meat." 
The original Greek word translated as "meat" is "phago," which means only "to
eat." The Greek word for meat is kreas ("flesh"), and it is never used in
connection with Christ. Nowhere in the New Testament is there any direct
reference to Jesus eating meat. This is in line with Isaiah's famous prophecy
about Jesus's appearance, "Behold, a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son,
and shall call him name Immanuel. Butter and honey shall he eat, that he may
know to refuse the evil and choose the good."
                    
In Thus Spoke Mohammed (the translation of the Hadith by Dr. M.Hafiz Syed),
the disciples of the prophet Mohammed ask him, "Verily are there rewards for
our doing good to quadrupeds, and giving them water to drink?" Mohammed
answers, "There are rewards for benefiting every animal."
                    
Lord Buddha is known particularly for His preaching against animal killing. He
established ahimsa (nonviolence) and vegetarianism as fundamental steps on the
path of self-awareness and spoke the following two maxims, "Do not butcher the
ox that plows thy fields," and "Do not indulge a voracity that involves the
slaughter of animals."
                    
The Vedic scriptures of India, which predate Buddhism, also stress nonviolence
as the ethical foundation of vegetarianism. "Meat can never be obtained
without injury to living creatures," states the ,manu-samhita, the ancient
Indian code of law, "Let one therefore shun the use of meat." In another
section, the Manu-samhita warns "Having well considered the disgusting origin
of flesh and the cruelty of fettering and slaying of corporeal beings, let one
entirely abstain form eating flesh." In the Mahabharata (the epic poem which
contains 100,000 verses and is said toe be the longest poem in the world),
there are many injunctions against killing animals. Some examples: "He who
desires to increase the flesh of his own body by eating the flesh of other
creatures lives in misery in whatever species he may take his birth."; "Who
can be more cruel and selfish than he who augments his flesh by eating the
flesh of innocent animals?"  and Those who desire to possess good memory,
beauty, long life with perfect health, and physical, moral and spiritual
strength, should abstain form animal food." All living entities possess a
soul. In the Bhagavad-gita, Krishna describes the soul as the source of
consciousness and the active principle that activates the body of every living
being. According to the Vedas, a soul in a form lower than human automatically
evolves to the next higher species, ultimately arriving at the human form.
Only in the human form of life can the soul turn its consciousness towards God
and at the time of death be transferred back to the spiritual world. In both
the social order and the universal order, a human being must obey laws. In his
Srimad-Bhagavatam purports, Srila Prabhupada says, "All living entities have
to fulfill a certain duration for being encaged in a particular type of
material body. They have to finish the duration allotted in a particular body
before being promoted or evolved to another body. Killing an animal or any
other living simply places an impediment in the way of his completing his term
of imprisonment in a certain body. One should therefore not kill bodies for
one's sense gratification, for this will implicate one in sinful activity." In
short, killing an animal interrupts its progressive evolution through the
species, and the killer will invariably suffer the reaction for this sinful
behavior. In the Bhagavad-gita (5.18) Krishna explains that spiritual
perfection begins when one can see the equality of all living beings, "The
humble sage, by virtue of true knowledge, sees with equal vision a learned and
gentle brahmana (a priest), a cow, an elephant, a dog, and a dog-eater
(outcast)." Krishna also instructs us to adopt the principles of spiritual
vegetarianism when He states, "Offer Me with love and devotion a fruit, a
flower, a leaf, or water, and I will accept it."
Karma The Sanskrit word karma means "action", or more specifically, any
material action that brings a reaction that binds us to the material world.
Although the idea of karma is generally associated with Eastern philosophy,
many people in the West are also coming to understand that karma is a natural
principle, like time or gravity, and no less inescapable. For every action
there is a reaction. According to the law of karma, if we cause pain and
suffering to other living beings, we must endure pain and suffering in return,
both individually and collectively. We reap what we sow, in this life and the
next, for nature has her own justice. No one can escape the law of karma,
except those who understand how it works. To understand how karma can cause
war, for example, let's take an illustration from the Vedas. Sometimes a fire
starts in a bamboo forest when the trees rub together. The real cause of the
fire however, is not the trees but the wind that moves them. The trees are
only the instruments. In the same way, the principle of karma tell us that the
United States and the Soviet Union are not the real causes of the friction
that exists between them, the friction that may well set off the forest fire
of nuclear war. The real cause is the imperceptible wind of karma generated by
the world's supposedly innocent citizens.
According to the law of karma, the neighborhood supermarket or hamburger stand
 (the local abortion clinic too, but that could be the subject for another
book) has more to do with the threat of nuclear war than the White House or
the Kremlin. We recoil with horror at the prospects of nuclear war while we
permit equally horrifying massacres every day of the world's automated
slaughterhouses.
The person who eats an animal may say that he hasn't killed anything, but when
he buys his neatly packaged meat at the supermarket he is paying someone else
to kill for him, and both of them bring upon themselves the reactions of
karma. Can it be anything but hypocritical to march for peace and then go to
McDonald's for a hamburger or go home to grill a steak? This is the very
duplicity that George Bernard Shaw condemned:
We pray on Sundays that we may have light To guide our footsteps on the path
we tread; We are sick of war, we don't want to fight, And yet we gorge
ourselves upon the dead.
                    
As Srila Prabhupada says in his explanations of Bhagavad-gita, "Those who kill
animals and give them unnecessary pain-as people do in slaughterhouses-will be
killed in a similar way in the next life and in many lives to come...In the
Judeo-Christian scriptures, t is stated clearly 'Thou shalt not kill.' 
Nonetheless, giving all kinds of excuses, even the heads of religion indulge
in  killing animals and, at the same time, try to pass as saintly persons.
This mockery and hypocrisy in human society brings about unlimited calamities
such as great war, where masses of people go out onto the battlefields and
kill each 
 other. Presently they have discovered the nuclear bomb, which is simply
waiting to be used for wholesale destruction." Such are the effects of karma.
Those who understand the laws of karma, know that peace will not come from
marches and petitions, but rather form a campaign to educate people about the
consequences of murdering innocent animals (and unborn children). That will go
a long way toward preventing any increase in the world's enormous burden of
karma. 
To solve the world's problems we need people with purified consciousness to
perceive that the real problem is a spiritual one. Sinful people will always
exi

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